ملحق: ماذا تقول بالإنجليزية — وفنّ ألا تتكلّم أكثر من اللازم
المشروع يصرّ على شيئين: كل شيءٍ بالإنجليزية، ولا تُطنب. هذا الملحق يجمع العبارات الجاهزة لكل سؤالٍ متوقَّع — مكثّفةً كما يجب أن تُقال، لا كما تُشرح في كتاب.
لاحظ
القاعدة الذهبية للمقابلة/السبورة: افتح بسؤال النطاق، أجِب بجملةٍ أو اثنتين، ثم اصمت. الصمت بعد إجابةٍ دقيقةٍ قوّة؛ الإطناب ضعف. إن أرادوا عمقاً، سيسألون.
المحتوى
الافتتاح (احفظه حرفياً)
"Would you like me to focus on a specific area, or give the end-to-end overview?"
إجاباتٌ بجملة (one-liners)
| السؤال | قُلها هكذا |
|---|---|
| What is a server? | "A machine or program that serves clients over the network — it's a role, not necessarily a dedicated box." |
| Role of the domain name? | "A human-friendly name that maps to the server's IP via DNS." |
What record type is www? | "An A record — its value is an IPv4 address. A CNAME would point to another name." |
| Role of the web server? | "Handles HTTP, serves static content, and reverse-proxies dynamic requests to the app server." |
| Role of the application server? | "Runs the codebase to generate dynamic pages." |
| Role of the database? | "Stores persistent data; the app queries it over SQL." |
| What does the server talk to the user with? | "HTTP/HTTPS over TCP/IP." |
| What is a SPOF? | "A component whose failure alone takes the whole system down." |
| Explain system redundancy. | "Running duplicate components so a single failure doesn't cause downtime — that's how we reach high availability." |
| LB distribution algorithm? | "Round Robin by default — each request goes to the next server in turn." |
| Active-Active vs Active-Passive? | "Active-Active: all nodes serve traffic. Active-Passive: one serves, a standby takes over on failure." |
| How does Primary-Replica work? | "Writes go to the Primary, which logs changes to its binlog; replicas replay that log to stay in sync and serve reads." |
| Primary vs Replica for the app? | "App writes to the Primary and reads from Replicas; the Replica is read-only to the app." |
| What are firewalls for? | "They allow or deny traffic by rules — open only what's needed, deny the rest." |
| Why HTTPS? | "Encryption, integrity, and authentication over an untrusted network." |
| What is monitoring for? | "Visibility — availability, performance, and capacity — so we catch problems before users do." |
| How does monitoring collect data? | "An agent on each server gathers metrics/logs locally and pushes them to a central service." |
| How to monitor web server QPS? | "Have the agent count requests per second from the web server's access log and report the rate." |
عيوبٌ يجب أن تذكرها (issues) — جملةٌ لكلٍّ
- SSL termination at the LB: "Past the LB the traffic is cleartext inside the network — no longer end-to-end encrypted."
- Single writable MySQL: "It's a write SPOF and a write bottleneck — you can scale reads but not writes."
- Identical servers (db+web+app each): "Components contend for resources and can't be scaled independently."
ماذا لا تقول (إلا إذا سُئلت)
- لا recursive vs iterative DNS، لا root/TLD servers.
- لا تفاصيل مصافحة TLS (ClientHello, ciphers, RSA vs ECDHE).
- لا PHP-FPM/WSGI internals.
- لا sharding/multi-primary/Galera.
- لا push vs pull monitoring، ولا أسماء أدواتٍ كثيرة.
لاحظ
إن وجدتَ نفسك تشرح شيئاً لم يُسأل عنه، توقّف وقل: "I can go deeper on that if useful — want me to?" ثم انتظر.